Which component of reading focuses on the ability to hear and manipulate sounds?

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Phonemic awareness is the component of reading that specifically involves the ability to hear, recognize, and manipulate individual sounds, or phonemes, in spoken words. This skill is foundational for reading development, as it helps children understand the sound structure of language, which is essential for decoding words when they start learning to read.

By being able to identify and manipulate sounds, students can develop critical skills such as blending sounds to form words, segmenting words into their constituent sounds, and manipulating sounds within words (for example, changing the initial sound in "bat" to make "cat"). This ability not only supports early reading development but also aids in spelling and further phonics instruction.

In contrast, vocabulary focuses on the understanding and use of words, while phonics relates to the relationship between sounds and their corresponding letters or groups of letters in written language. Text comprehension involves understanding and interpreting the meaning of written material but does not directly relate to sound manipulation.

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