What are the five components of reading according to the National Reading Panel?

The five components of reading identified by the National Reading Panel are phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension.

Phonemic awareness refers to the ability to hear and manipulate the individual sounds in words, which is foundational for effective reading. Phonics involves the relationship between sounds and their corresponding letters or groups of letters, helping learners decode words. Reading fluency encompasses the ability to read text accurately and quickly, which supports overall reading comprehension. Vocabulary development is critical as it allows readers to understand words in context, enriching their comprehension of texts. Finally, text comprehension is the ultimate goal of reading, as it involves the ability to understand and interpret the meaning of the text being read.

This option captures all the essential elements that contribute to successful reading instruction and development, aligning with the research findings presented by the National Reading Panel. Other choices either include components that are not recognized by the panel or do not accurately represent the established five key areas of reading.